The diagnosis of intrauterine conditions that may cause infertility is generally made by hysterosalpingography (HSG). Herein, we are presenting seven hysterosalpingographically-proven patients of Developmental Uterine Cavity Defects. We believed that some of developmental defects of this uterine cavity have not been addressed in preceding medical texts. Accurate diagnosis and reports of such cases are important not only for the benefit of treatment, but also to reflect the true incidence of these anomalies and to consolidate embryologic concept. The presented anomalies included "flying bird" uterus, "wine-glass-shaped" uterus, "buffalo head" uterus, "heart-shaped" uterus, "phantom-shaped" uterus, "candle light" uterus, and "jackal-shaped" uterus.The presented cases belonged to many years before, thus they were not evaluated by recently- developed advanced diagnostic modalities.

Context: Dental enamel is the hardest and highly mineralized structure in human body. However, Developmental Enamel Defects (DEDs) may occur due to an interplay between multiple factors ranging from genetic inadequacy to environmental insults. Primary enamel defects provoke the local or systemic insults that the child might undergo pre-, peri-and post-natally. Several gene mutations and environmental factors, including systemic illnesses have already been identified that can permanently imprint enamel damage. The DED may appear as enamel hypoplasia or hypomineralization. Clinically, DED often presents problems of aesthetics and stained defects, tooth sensitivity, susceptibility to dental caries, erosion and tooth wear. Evidence Acquisition: An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Clinical Key databases with the focus on articles published since 2000. The following keywords were applied: “ Developmental Enamel Defect (DED)” , “ Enamel hypoplasia” , and “ Primary teeth” . Results: Managing the enamel defects involves early diagnosis and aesthetic rehabilitation of defective enamel, while maintaining its form and function. This should involve close cooperation between the paediatricians and the paediatric dentists, so that preventive regimens can be institutionalised at the earliest. Conclusions: Despite our understanding of DED, further research is required to establish accurate clinical diagnosis and successful treatment of such enamel defects.

Introduction: Now days it is proven that maternal hyperglycemia increases production of free radicals and decreases antioxidants in the embryonic cells and through this it injures the embryos of diabetic mothers. Therefore it seems that use of antioxidants can decrease deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on embryos.Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of vitamin E in control of embryonic developmental disorders in diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 65-mg/kg streptozotocin in Wister female rats with 250-300g weights and was placed with healthy male rats in the same cage for mating. Then they were divided into two groups. One group received 150mg/kg Vitamin E per day from the first day of pregnancy. Animals were killed on day 13 of gestation and embryos were collected and examined for number, size and incidence of malformations in cerebral hemispheres, cranial and caudal neuropors, upper and lower limb buds, otic and lens placodes using a stereomicroscope. Then, One Way ANOVA compared the means of length, number of reabsorbed and achieved embryos in three groups. The incidences of malformations in the groups were compared by Chi-Square test.Results: Findings show a significant difference between control group and experimental diabetic group when achieved and reabsorbed embryos counted. Frequencies of malformed embryos (at least one diagnosed malformation) in control group were 1% and in diabetic and treated diabetic groups were 46.3% and 11.6% respectively. Result showed that the incidence of embryonic malformation significantly decreased in diabetic rates, that received vitamin E and there was a significant difference in diabetes and treated diabetic groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: ‏The results shows that Vitamin E supplementation in early stages of pregnancy in diabetic mothers can prevent deleterious effects of diabetes.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a disorder which has conditions that may contribute to the developmental defects of enamel (DDE) etiologies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DDE among children with DS. Methods: This study cross-sectional observational study examined a total of 88 children with DS and 87 healthy children. A modified DDE index for screening surveys was employed in this regard. Demarcated opacities, diffuse opacities, dysplasia, and combinations between types were recorded, and finally, data were analyzed by chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests using SPSS software. Results: The prevalence of enamel defects in DS and control groups was obtained as 45% and 34%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between the groups (P = 0. 139). The mean number of teeth with DDE was 2. 48 ± 3. 79 and 1. 09 ± 2. 11 in the DS and control groups, respectively. Based on the results, statistically significant differences were found between DDE means (P = 0. 009). Demarcated opacities were the most frequent type of enamel defects in both groups. Eventually, a statistically significant relationship was observed between diffuse opacities and DS (P = 0. 000). Conclusions: In general, DS had no influence on DDE prevalence; however, it increases affected dental units. Diffuse opacities are more frequent among children with DS compared to healthy children. Further studies are required on the DDE prevalence in Syria.

Introduction: Incidence of preterm labor (PTL) is 5-10 percent. Odontogenesis is initiated in 6th- 7th week of embryonic life by budding stage and continues until juvenile period. This complex and long standing developmental process is affected by metabolic events, physiologic and pathologic processes, and local, systemic and environmental hazardous factors. This study was aimed to determine association and relationship of preterm labor and developmental defects of enamel and dental caries.Method and Materials: Based on archives of obstetrics and gynecology wards of seven major Isfahan hospitals, 200 children with preterm and term labor were selected. Study groups were considered in equal ratios of gender. Based on WHO criteria, oral and dental health of the children was assessed. The number of decayed, filled and missed teeth and prevalence of developmental defect enamel were recorded. Findings were analyzed statistically by SPSS software using chisquare and t-test and the results were reported by descriptive statistics in figures and tables.Results: The prevalence of developmental defect enamel in preterm and term labor was 72% and 57%, respectively. The difference of prevalence of developmental defect enamel was significant in two groups (p value = 0.026). The mean of caries rate in preterm and term labor were 4.96 ± 3.33 and 5.72 ± 3.68, respectively. The difference of dental caries was not significant.Conclusion: Preterm labor is associated with more prevalence of developmental defect enamel. The difference mean of dental caries is not related to pregnancy length.

Statement of problem: Low birth weight (LBW) infants are subjected to a variety of metabolic stresses and exhibit a higher prevalence of oral-dental disturbances than normal infants. Factors such as metabolic disorders, hypoxia, prolonged neonatal jaundice, nutritional deficiencies and low serum calcium have been implicated as causes of enamel defects in LBW infants. These enamel defects lead to the alteration of primary teeth with subsequent problems such as esthetic concerns, dental caries and dentofacial problems.Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the developmental enamel defects in the children with lower than normal weight at birth (less than 2500 gr) and children with normal birth weight Materials and method: In this retrospective (expose–fact) study, 181 children (95 girls and 86 boys) aged 3 to 5 years were examined. The data were collected using infant’s birth files and questionnaires based on the general information, birth time and weight as well as medical examination. Dental examination was performed by two examiners. Developmental Enamel Defect Index was used to classify the enamel defects. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS13. Kappa test was used for evaluating validity between examiners (Kappa≥0.8) and two-sampling proportional test by means of Mini Tab software was used for data analysis.Results: Enamel defects were more in children with low birth weight compared to the normal children (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in hypocalcification and hypoplasia between girls and boys with LBW and also between girls and boys with normal birth weight (p>0.05). Enamel defects were most common in both groups on the canine teeth (% 51.3) followed by incisors, first molar and second molar teeth.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, without considering etiologic factors, hypocalcification and hypoplasia was noticed more in children with low birth weight. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship of enamel defects and various causative factors in these children.

Background and Aim: In the legal perspective, addiction is viewed as a criminological perspective, which includes responsibility and punishment. On the other hand, addiction is considered as a disease in the medical perspective, the way to deal with it is emphasized in treatment and containment. However, the use of drugs during pregnancy is a gap that the legislator has remained silent about, while addiction puts not only the pregnant mother, but also the developing fetus at risk and can have devastating and long-term effects have time for the fetus. The purpose of the discussion is to assess the responsibility of the real mother and the contract mother towards the use of drugs during pregnancy, relying on the data of medical science based on the consequences of the developmental defects of the fetus. Method: The present research evaluates the responsibility (with a criminal approach) of drug-addicted pregnant women with a descriptive-analytical method and using library studies. Ethical Considerations: This research has been carried out in compliance with ethical and trustworthy principles. Results: The first sentence of drug addiction of pregnant women is presented under the title of quasi-crime, which is filed by the legal guardian and the prosecutor as the public prosecutor. The secondary judgment of addiction of pregnant women with the opinion of necessity, under examples such as population control policy, expedient application, criterion measurement of the principle of harm and moralistic approach, appears in the majority of crimes. Conclusion: Drug use during pregnancy can cause definite or potential harm to the fetus. Please cite this article as: Amerian SH, Salarzaee AH, Heidari Z. Analyzing the Liability "with a Criminal Approach" of Pregnant Women's Addiction in the Consequences of Fetal Developmental Defects. Medical Law Journal. 2024; 18: e46.